Source text in Chinese | Translation by hyjwonder (#5263) |
足球在中国古代称为蹴鞠,早在春秋战国时期就已广泛开展。汉代出现了中国第一部足球专著《蹴鞠二十五篇》。唐代在制球工艺上有两大改进:一是把用两片皮合成的球壳改为用八片尖皮缝成圆形的球壳。二是把球壳内塞毛发改为放一个动物尿泡,“嘘气闭而吹之”,成为充气的球。由于球体轻了,可以踢高。球门就设在两根三丈高的竹竿上。在踢球方法上,汉代是直接对抗分队比赛,唐代则是中间隔着球门,双方各在一侧,以射门“数多者胜 ”。唐代开始出现了女子足球。女子足球的踢法不用球门,以踢高、踢出花样为能事,称为“白打”。到了宋代,足球在技术上已由射门比准向灵巧和控制球的水平方面发展。而且制球工艺比唐代又有提高,发展为“十二片香皮砌成”。原料是“熟硝黄革,实料轻裁”。工艺是“密砌缝成,不露线角”。做成的球重量要“正重十二两”。足球规格要“碎凑十分圆”。 | Soccer game in ancient China was called “Cuju”, or “kicking a leather ball”, which was already a game played widely in the Spring and Autumn and the Warring States periods. The first soccer study book appeared in the Han Dynasty, it was named The 25 Chapters of Cuju. The Tang Dynasty saw two major improvements in the ball-making craft: 1, replacement of the two-piece leather shell with one made of eight pointed pieces for achieving a rounded shell; 2, replacement of the hair filler with an animal bladder so that it truly became an inflated ball after you “taking a deep breath then blow slowly into it,” a lighter ball would certainly go higher on a kick, while the goal was set on two bamboo poles of 3-zhang (roughly 10 meters) in height. Regarding the game rules, in Han Dynasty it was played on direct dual meet of teams, while in Tang Dynasty the goal was placed in the middle with each of the opposing teams on one side of it, the team with more shoots would win. It was in the Tang Dynasty that women’s soccer game emerged, but they did not use the goal, instead they were competing on who kicked the ball higher and who had more fancy“acrobatic” moves, so women’s soccer game was called “baida” – “playing for goalless”. In the Song Dynasty, the rules changed from a competition of shooting accuracy to that of agility and ball handling. ball-making craft in Song Dynasty also improved than in Tang Dynasty. The ball shell was made of “twelve fragrant pieces”, where the raw materials being “heated saltpeter and yellow hide” with the former “in solid stuff” and the latter “gently tailored”. The process was “to closely piece them together and stitch them till no string or corner shown”, and the ball should weigh “exactly 12-liang”, that’s equivalent to 0.6kg, on a specification of “piece them seamlessly to the tenth degree of roundness.” |