Source text in Chinese | Translation by tianshandun (X) (#5522) |
足球在中国古代称为蹴鞠,早在春秋战国时期就已广泛开展。汉代出现了中国第一部足球专著《蹴鞠二十五篇》。唐代在制球工艺上有两大改进:一是把用两片皮合成的球壳改为用八片尖皮缝成圆形的球壳。二是把球壳内塞毛发改为放一个动物尿泡,“嘘气闭而吹之”,成为充气的球。由于球体轻了,可以踢高。球门就设在两根三丈高的竹竿上。在踢球方法上,汉代是直接对抗分队比赛,唐代则是中间隔着球门,双方各在一侧,以射门“数多者胜 ”。唐代开始出现了女子足球。女子足球的踢法不用球门,以踢高、踢出花样为能事,称为“白打”。到了宋代,足球在技术上已由射门比准向灵巧和控制球的水平方面发展。而且制球工艺比唐代又有提高,发展为“十二片香皮砌成”。原料是“熟硝黄革,实料轻裁”。工艺是“密砌缝成,不露线角”。做成的球重量要“正重十二两”。足球规格要“碎凑十分圆”。 | Soccer was known in ancient China as Cuju, widely developed as early as in the time of The Warring States. The first monograph of Chinese soccer, "Cuju in 25 chapters", came out onto market in the Han Dynasty (206 B.C. - A.D. 220), while two major improvements in manufacturing engineering of the soccer ball were carried out in the Tang Dynasty (618-907): first, the two-piece ball shell of leather was replaced with eight pieces of sharpened-leather sewn up to a rounded spherical shell; second, the stuffing hair inside the shell was replaced with an animal’s urinary bladder, "aspirated and then inflated", transforming it into an inflated ball. Since the ball became lighter, it could be kicked higher. The goal was set up on two bamboo poles thirty meters in height. In playing methods, the Han Dynasty competed directly in dual meet, while in the Tang Dynasty the goal was set up in the middle of the pitch with each of the two teams taking a side, "whoever shoots more wins the game". Women’s soccer also emerged in the Tang Dynasty. There was no goal in women’s soccer games, but they were judged by kicking height and style, so-called "plain playing". Up to the Song Dynasty (960-1279), soccer had forged ahead laterally in techniques from competing in shooting accuracy to dexterity of ball control. And ball manufacturing had been further improved over that of the Tang Dynasty, using a method of "assembly of twelve scented sectors." The raw materials were tanned leather that was cut out into light pieces. Then technically, the ball was constructed by close, piece-by-piece assembly, without showing any thread. The final ball had to weigh exactly 600 grams and the distance from the centre of the ball, to any point on its surface, had to be the same. |