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翻訳 - 英語 Chapter 2. Construction and Functions
2.1 Operating Principle of Concrete Pump
This concrete pump is driven by A.C. motor, and its hydraulic system is an open-type oil circuit, provided with constant power control. Its concrete conveying capacity can be adjusted by using a stepless adjustment. Please see Figure 3 for the main pumping system.
The main pumping system consists of two pumping cylinders (1 and 2), water tank (3), reversing device (4), two concrete cylinders (5 and 6), two concrete cylinder pistons (7 and 8), hopper (9), distribution valve and cutting ring (10) (also called S tube valve), rocker arm (11), two swing cylinders (12 and 13), spectacle plate(14), and discharge outlet (15).
1.Pumping cylinder 2. Pumping cylinder 3.Water tank
4. Reversing device 5. Concrete cylinder 6. Concrete cylinder
7. Concrete cylinder piston 8. Concrete cylinder piston
9. Hopper 10. Distributing valve and cutting ring
11. Rocker arm
12. Swing cylinder 13. Swing cylinder
14. Spectacle plate 15. Discharge outlet
Concrete cylinder pistons (7 and 8) are connected with the piston rods of pumping cylinder (1 and 2), and move back and forth under the action of hydraulic oil in the pumping cylinder. One piston moves forward while the other piston moves back. The discharge outlet of the concrete cylinder is connected with the hopper. One end of the distribution valve (10) is the discharge outlet (15) of the hopper (9), and the spline shaft on the other end is connected with the rocker arm. Under the action of the swinging cylinder, the distribution valve (10) can move to the left and right so that the pipe section under it is alternatively connected with the concrete cylinders (5 and 6).
When pumping concrete, the pumping cylinder drives the piston (7) to move forward and push the concrete material in the cylinder (5) into the distributing valve (10). The concrete is then pumped into the delivery pipeline (the pipe of the distributing valve (10) is connected with the cylinder (5) in this case). The concrete piston (8) moves backward and sucks the concrete in the hopper (9) into the cylinder (6). When piston (8) retracts to the end of the stroke length, it actuates the reversing device (4) in the water tank (3). The pistons of pumping cylinders (1 and 2) change their movement direction, and meanwhile the plungers of the swing cylinders (12 and 13) also change their movement direction, so that distributing valve (10) is connected with concrete cylinder (6) and the cylinder (5) is connected with the hopper. At this time, piston (7) retracts and piston (8) moves forward. A reciprocation operation is started again, and thus continuous pumping operation is completed (See Figure 4).
Pumping is reversed by using the reverse-pumping button. The concrete cylinder in the suction stroke should be connected with the distributing valve and the concrete cylinder in advancing stroke is connected with the hopper, so that the concrete remaining in the pipeline is pumped back into the hopper (9) in the concrete cylinders (5 and 6) (See Figure 5).
2.2 Propeller Mechanism
The propeller mechanism consists of main cylinder, water tank (wash tank) and concrete cylinder.
2.2.1 Main cylinder
Main cylinder is composed of cylinder body, piston rod, piston, check valve for oil refill and seals.
The oil intake method of the main cylinder can be changed by high-pressure and low-pressure changeover valve. When oil is flowing into/out of the front end of the piston (namely rod side of the piston), the piston moves fast and the concrete pump is in low-pressure and high delivery capacity state. When oil flows into/out of the rear end of the piston (namely non-rod side), the concrete pump is in high-pressure and low delivery capacity state.
If oil flows into the rod-side (non-rod side) of either of the two main cylinders, it supplies oil to the non-rod side (rod side) of the other cylinder via the closed oil circuit (namely the oil circuit connecting the two cylinders), and pushes the piston of the other cylinder to move in reverse direction. The quantity of oil fluid in the closed circuit is reduced due to leakage during operation, and the length of the cylinder stroke will be gradually shortened, therefore a check valve is installed on both ends of the main cylinder for the purpose of refilling oil. When the piston of one cylinder moves to the limit position, the hydraulic oil will be automatically refilled into the closed circuit via the check valve and push the piston of the other cylinder to the limit position, and thus maintains pumping stroke.
2.2.2 Water tank
Water tank is mounted between main cylinder and concrete cylinder, that is to say, the rear side of the piston propelling concrete is connected with water tank.
Water has the following functions:
(1) Washing function: wash away the residual mortar left on the concrete piston and reduce the wears of this piston and cylinder wall;
(2) Cooling and lubricating function: cool down the piston rod and piston seals and lubricate the concrete piston;
(3) Isolating function: isolate the main cylinder from concrete, and prevent the oil leaking through this cylinder from affecting the concrete quality.
Besides, it is possible to use this water tank to check if the concrete piston is damaged. If the clean water in the tank gets feculent and contains sands, the concrete piston is damaged and should be replaced.
2.2.3 Concrete cylinder
The inner surface of the concrete cylinder is coated with hard-chrome face. Concrete piston is connected with the working cylinder. When the piston of the working cylinder retracts, negative pressure is generated in the concrete cylinder, and concrete in the hopper is sucked into the concrete cylinder. When the piston of the working cylinder extends, the concrete piston pushes the concrete out of the concrete cylinder via the distribution valve.
2.3 ¡°S¡±-tube distributing valve, hopper and mixer
Through the swinging action of ¡°S¡± tube valve in the hopper, the two concrete cylinders are alternatively connected with the delivery pipeline and hopper, completing the cycled concrete pumping operation.
The hopper is the material storage of the concrete pump and is made of welded steel plates. In the center of the hopper, there is a mixer driven by a motor. Its function is to mix the concrete once again, and feed concrete material into the concrete cylinder. On top of the hopper there is a grating that prevents the aggregates larger than specified size from entering the hopper, and ensure the operator safety.
There is a cutting ring on the end of S-tube valve alternatively connected with the concrete cylinder, and this cutting ring forms a dynamic sealing connection of concrete flowing channel with the spectacle plate in the hopper.
2.4 Hydraulic System
2.4.1 System composition
(1) Main oil circuit system: composed of plunger-type hydraulic pump (2), overflow valve (5), relief valve (12), electrohydraulic valve (6), HP and LP changeover valve(8), and main cylinder (9).
(2) Distributing valve system: plunger-type hydraulic pump (10), overflow valve (14), electrohydraulic valve (15), throttle/shutoff valve (11), accumulator (18), and swing cylinder (19).
(3) Mixing system: composed of gear hydraulic pump (24), overflow valve (22), solenoid valve (21), and oil motor (20)
2.4.2 Operating principle of hydraulic system (See Figure 6 and Table 3)
After the motor is started up, the three hydraulic pumps supply oil to respective system.
(1) Main oil circuit
The main hydraulic pump is a constant-output variable displacement plunger pump, with pressure switching off and fluid-controlled stepless variable displacement. It is possible to change the operating speed of main cylinder, that is to say, adjust the propelling frequency of main cylinder. The constant-output variable control system can automatically reduce the oil quantity in the pump to prevent the motor overload.
The main core of the main electrohydraulic valve (6) is center-positioned. Main hydraulic pump is in no-load state. After pumping button is pressed, the electromagnet on one end of electrohydraulic valve (6) is energized, and the main core is pushed to one end. The oil flows into the main cylinder via electrohydraulic valve (6) and HP and LP changeover valve(8) and produce propelling action. The action of closed oil circuit in the cylinder results in a simultaneous movement ----- a piston extends and the other piston retracts. When the leaning disk on the retracting piston rod passes by the electric proximity switch placed on the water tank and sends an electric signal, the power-on/off of the electromagnet on both ends of electrohydraulic valves (6 and 15) will be changed, so that pilot valve is reversed. (reversal of electrohydraulic valve (15) will actuate ¡°S¡± valve cylinder). The reversal of electrohydraulic valve (6) will cause the hydraulic oil in main oil circuit to be supplied to the other cylinder, and a new cycle of piston rod extending and retracting actions is caused therefrom. When the leaning disk on the retracting piston rod passes by the other proximity switch, the electric signal will cause the reversal of electrohydraulic valves (6 and 15) again, so the piston rod of the propelling cylinder starts another new cycle. Therefore, by energizing the electromagnet on both ends of the electrohydraulic valve (6) in turn, the hydraulic oil enters and returns to the two propelling cylinders in turn, which thus results in the continuous extending and retracting operation cycles of the concrete pistons. When electrical-controlled ¡°Reverse-pumping¡± button is pressed, power-on/off of the electromagnet on both ends of electrohydraulic valves (6) will be changed, and the propelling piston and distributing valve cylinder to form a working fit for reversal concrete suction.
英語 から 中国語: Campus Planning
原書のテキスト - 英語 Foreword
Then and now. A new printing of Campus Planning, thirty-four years after the first copyright gives cause and occasion for retrospection, Since 1962 enrollments in higher education have grown from 4.2 million to 14.9 million in the United States, with an additional 900,000 students projected for 2004. Forty percent of the population now has had one or more years of college or university education. In quantity the exceptions laid out three decades ago have been surpassed. In the interval 1,504 new campuses have been developed, raising the total of accredited venues from 2,128 to 3,632. With that increase came an extraordinary surge of architecture, in sum and substance a cultural ohenomenon historically unique.
Qualitatively, a sean of the panorama shows that equally meaningful differences have occurred, with measurable impact on how campuses are developed, improved, and used. University research is the engine of national economic and social advancement. Electronic forms of information technology are now commonplace. Modes of teaching and learning have blossomed with perceptible effect on building function, cost, and location. The conservation and respect for the campus¡¯s archetectural and natural heritage has added a welcomed dimension to campus design. Not the least, there has been a significant decline in segregration by race and gender. Accessibility has been improved for the handicapped, the impoverished, and nontroditional students. In many parts of the country the campus serves as the local arts and recreation center.
As to methodology, the simplified procedure for projecting needs and satisfying demand---some appearing in Campus Planning, reader beware---have been supplanted by sophisticated computerized modeling. Unchanged is this belief and advice: those affected by planning outcomes should be involved in the planning process. Overall, the very existence of the Society for College and University Planning is convincing testimony to the professionalization of attitudes and techniques. The emergence is well-documented in Campus, Paul V. Turner¡¯s elegant account of the American Planning tradition (MIT Press, 1984).
Of places illustrated as paradigms in the first edition of Campus Planning, I think, three decades later, the planned physical development at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, Union College, University of Michigan, University of Pennsylvania, and Wheaton College support the author¡¯s seledtion. However, our original enthusiasm for the University of Illiniois, Chicago Circle, has been tempered by its reality. As to several examples of modern concrete buildings cited for archetectural emulation, mea culpa.
......
RICHARD P. DOBER, AICP
Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1996
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